April 1
April 1 is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 274 days remaining until the end of the year. April 1 is most notable in many countries for being April Fools' Day.
Events
- 286 – Emperor Diocletian elevates his general Maximian to co-emperor with the rank of Augustus and gives him control over the Western regions of the Roman Empire.
- 325 – Crown Prince Jin Chengdi, age 4, succeeds his father Jin Mingdi as emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
- 527 – Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne.
- 1293 – Robert Winchelsey leaves England for Rome, to be consecrated as Archbishop of Canterbury.
- 1318 – Berwick-upon-Tweed is captured by the Scottish from England.
- 1340 – Niels Ebbesen kills Gerhard III of Holstein in his bedroom, ending the 1332-1340 interregnum in Denmark.
- 1572 – In the Eighty Years' War, the Watergeuzen capture Brielle from the Spaniards, gaining the first foothold on land for what would become the Dutch Republic.
- 1789 – In New York City, the United States House of Representatives holds its first quorum and elects Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania as its first House Speaker.
- 1826 – Samuel Morey patents the internal combustion engine.
- 1833 – The Convention of 1833, a political gathering of settlers in Mexican Texas to help draft a series of petitions to the Mexican government, begins in San Felipe de Austin
- 1854 – Hard Times begins serialisation in Charles Dickens' magazine, Household Words.
- 1865 – American Civil War: Battle of Five Forks – In Siege of Petersburg, Confederate General Robert E. Lee begins his final offensive.
- 1867 – Singapore becomes a British crown colony.
- 1871 – The first stage of the Brill Tramway opened.
- 1873 – The British steamer RMS Atlantic sinks off Nova Scotia, killing 547.
- 1887 – Mumbai Fire Brigade is established.
- 1891 – The Wrigley Company is founded in Chicago, Illinois.
- 1893 – The rank of Chief Petty Officer in the United States Navy is established.
- 1908 – The Territorial Force (renamed Territorial Army in 1920) is formed as a volunteer reserve component of the British Army.
- 1918 – The Royal Air Force is created by the merger of the Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service.
- 1919 – The Staatliches Bauhaus school was founded by Walter Gropius in Weimar.
- 1922 – Six Irish Catholic civilians are shot and beaten-to-death by a gang of policemen in Belfast, Northern Ireland.
- 1924 – Adolf Hitler is sentenced to five years in jail for his participation in the "Beer Hall Putsch". However, he spends only nine months in jail, during which he writes Mein Kampf.
- 1924 – The Royal Canadian Air Force is formed.
- 1933 – The recently elected Nazis under Julius Streicher organize a one-day boycott of all Jewish-owned businesses in Germany, ushering in a series of anti-Semitic acts.
- 1933 – English cricketer Wally Hammond set a record for the highest individual Test innings of 336 not out, during a Test match against New Zealand.
- 1936 – Orissa formerly known as Kalinga or Utkal becomes a state in India.
- 1937 – Aden becomes a British crown colony. Bombing of Jaén, Spain by Nazi forces.
- 1939 – Generalísimo Francisco Franco of the Spanish State announces the end of the Spanish Civil War, when the last of the Republican forces surrender.
- 1941 – The Blockade Runner Badge for the German navy is instituted.
- 1941 – A military coup in Iraq overthrows the regime of 'Abd al-Ilah and installs Rashid Ali as Prime Minister.
- 1944 – Navigation errors lead to an accidental American bombing of the Swiss city of Schaffhausen.
- 1945 – World War II: Operation Iceberg – United States troops land on Okinawa in the last campaign of the war.
- 1946 – Aleutian Island earthquake: A 7.8 magnitude earthquake near the Aleutian Islands creates a tsunami that strikes the Hawaiian Islands killing 159, mostly in Hilo.
- 1946 – Formation of the Malayan Union.
- 1947 – Paul becomes king of Greece, on the death of his childless elder brother, George II.
- 1948 – Cold War: Berlin Airlift – Military forces, under direction of the Russian-controlled government in East Germany, set-up a land blockade of West Berlin.
- 1948 – Faroe Islands receive autonomy from Denmark.
- 1949 – Chinese Civil War: The Communist Party of China holds unsuccessful peace talks with the Kuomintang in Beijing, after three years of fighting.
- 1949 – The Canadian government repeals Japanese Canadian internment after seven years.
- 1949 – The 26 counties of the Irish Free State become the Republic of Ireland.
- 1954 – President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorizes the creation of the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado.
- 1955 – The EOKA rebellion against The British Empire begins in Cyprus, with the goal of obtaining the desired unification ("enosis") with Greece.
- 1957 – The BBC broadcasts the spaghetti tree hoax on its current affairs programme Panorama.
- 1959 – Iakovos is enthroned as Greek Orthodox Archbishop of America.
- 1960 – The TIROS-1 satellite transmits the first television picture from space.
- 1967 – The United States Department of Transportation begins operation.
- 1969 – The Hawker Siddeley Harrier enters service with the Royal Air Force.
- 1970 – President Richard Nixon signs the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act into law, requiring the Surgeon General's warnings on tobacco products and banning cigarette advertisements on television and radio in the United States, starting on January 1, 1971.
- 1971 – Bangladesh Liberation War: The Pakistan Army massacred over 1,000 people in Keraniganj Upazila, Bangladesh.
- 1973 – Project Tiger, a tiger conservation project, is launched in the Corbett National Park, India.
- 1974 – In the United Kingdom, the Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties come into being.
- 1976 – Apple Inc. is formed by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak.
- 1976 – Conrail takes over operations from six bankrupt railroads in the Northeastern U.S..
- 1976 – The Jovian–Plutonian gravitational effect hoax is first reported by British astronomer Patrick Moore.
- 1978 – The Philippine College of Commerce, through a presidential decree, becomes the Polytechnic University of the Philippines.
- 1979 – Iran becomes an Islamic Republic by a 98% vote, officially overthrowing the Shah.
- 1989 – Margaret Thatcher's new local government tax, the Community Charge (commonly known as the "poll tax"), is introduced in Scotland.
- 1992 – Start of the Bosnian war.
- 1997 – Comet Hale-Bopp is seen passing over perihelion.
- 1999 – Nunavut is established as a Canadian territory carved out of the eastern part of the Northwest Territories.
- 2001 – An EP-3E United States Navy surveillance aircraft collides with a Chinese People's Liberation Army Shenyang J-8 fighter jet. The Navy crew makes an emergency landing in Hainan, People's Republic of China and is detained.
- 2001 – Former President of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Slobodan Milošević surrenders to police special forces, to be tried on war crimes charges.
- 2001 – Same-sex marriage becomes legal in the Netherlands, the first country to allow it.
- 2006 – The Serious Organised Crime Agency, dubbed the "British FBI", is created in the United Kingdom.
- 2009 – Croatia and Albania join NATO.
- 2011 – After protests against the burning of the Quran turned violent, a mob attacked a United Nations compound in Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan and killed thirteen people, including eight foreign workers.
Births
- 1220 – Emperor Go-Saga of Japan (d. 1272)
- 1543 – François de Bonne, duc de Lesdiguières, Constable of France (d. 1626)
- 1578 – William Harvey, English physician (d. 1657)
- 1610 – Charles de Saint-Évremond, French soldier (d. 1703)
- 1640 – Georg Mohr, Danish mathematician (d. 1697)
- 1647 – John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, English poet (d. 1680)
- 1697 – Antoine François Prévost, French author and novelist (d. 1763)
- 1753 – Joseph de Maistre, French diplomat and writer (d. 1821)
- 1765 – Luigi Schiavonetti, Italian engraver (d. 1810)
- 1776 – Sophie Germain, French mathematician (d. 1831)
- 1815 – Otto von Bismarck, German statesman (d. 1898)
- 1815 – Edward Clark, American politician (d. 1880)
- 1834 – James "Big Jim" Fisk, American entrepreneur (d. 1872)
- 1854 – Bill Traylor, American artist (d. 1949)
- 1856 – Acacio Gabriel Viegas, Indian physician (d. 1933)
- 1865 – Richard Adolf Zsigmondy, Austrian-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1929)
- 1866 – Ferruccio Busoni, Italian pianist and composer (d. 1924)
- 1868 – Edmond Rostand, French dramatist (d. 1918)
- 1873 – Sergei Rachmaninoff, Russian composer, pianist, and conductor (d. 1943)
- 1874 – Ernest William Barnes, English mathematician and theologian (d. 1953)
- 1875 – Edgar Wallace, English writer (d. 1932)
- 1880 – Agha Petros, Assyrian general (d. 1932)
- 1882 – Paul Anspach, Belgian fencer (d. 1991)
- 1883 – Lon Chaney, Sr., American actor (d. 1930)
- 1884 – Laurette Taylor, American stage actress (d. 1946)
- 1885 – Wallace Beery, American actor (d. 1949)
- 1887 – H. S. Lloyd, British dog breeder (d. 1963)
- 1889 – K. B. Hedgewar, Indian physician and Hindu nationalism advocate (d. 1940)
- 1893 – Cicely Courtneidge, English actress and comedian (d. 1980)
- 1895 – Alberta Hunter, American singer (d. 1984)
- 1897 – Nita Naldi, American actress (d. 1961)
- 1898 – William James Sidis, American mathematician and child prodigy (d. 1944)
- 1899 – Gustavs Celmins, Latvian politician (d. 1968)
- 1901 – Whittaker Chambers, American writer, editor, and defector (d. 1961)
- 1902 – Maria Polydouri, Greek poet (d. 1930)
- 1906 – Aleksandr Yakovlev, Russian engineer and aeroplane designer (d. 1989)
- 1908 – Abraham Maslow, American psychologist (d. 1970)
- 1909 – Eddy Duchin, American pianist and bandleader (d. 1951)
- 1911 – Fauja Singh, Indian athlete
- 1912 – Donald Nyrop, American airline executive (d. 2010)
- 1913 – Memos Makris, Greek sculptor (d. 1993)
- 1914 – Lor Tok, Thai comedian and actor (d. 2002)
- 1915 – Otto Wilhelm Fischer, Austrian actor (d. 2004)
- 1917 – Melville Shavelson, American film director, producer and screenwriter (d. 2007)
- 1919 – Joseph Murray, American surgeon, Nobel laureate
- 1920 – Toshirō Mifune, Japanese actor (d. 1997)
- 1921 – Ken Reardon, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2008)
- 1922 – William Manchester, American historian (d. 2004)
- 1924 – Brendan Byrne, American politician
- 1924 – Miodrag Petrović, Serbian actor (d. 2003)
- 1926 – Charles Bressler, American tenor
- 1926 – John Scott Martin, English actor (d. 2009)
- 1926 – Anne McCaffrey, American author (d. 2011)
- 1927 – Walter Bahr, American footballer
- 1927 – Peter Cundall, Australian horticulturist
- 1927 – Amos Milburn, American pianist (d. 1980)
- 1928 – George Grizzard, American actor (d. 2007)
- 1929 – Milan Kundera, Czech writer
- 1929 – Payut Ngaokrachang, Thai animator (d. 2010)
- 1929 – Jane Powell, American dancer, actress, and singer
- 1929 – Bo Schembechler, American football coach (d. 2006)
- 1930 – Grace Lee Whitney, American actress
- 1931 – Ita Ever, Estonian actress
- 1931 – Rolf Hochhuth, German writer
- 1932 – Gordon Jump, American actor (d. 2003)
- 1932 – Debbie Reynolds, American actress
- 1933 – Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, French physicist, Nobel laureate
- 1933 – Dan Flavin, American artist (d. 1996)
- 1934 – Don Hastings, American actor
- 1934 – Rod Kanehl, American baseball player (d. 2004)
- 1934 – Vladimir Posner, Russian journalist
- 1935 – Larry McDonald, American politician (d. 1983)
- 1936 – Jean-Pascal Delamuraz, Swiss politician (d. 1998)
- 1936 – Abdul Qadeer Khan, Pakistani nuclear scientist
- 1937 – Jordan Charney, American actor
- 1937 – Yılmaz Güney, Turkish actor, film director (d. 1984)
- 1938 – John Quade, American actor (d. 2009)
- 1939 – Ali MacGraw, American actress
- 1939 – Phil Niekro, American baseball player
- 1939 – Rudolph Isley, American singer
- 1940 – Wangari Maathai, Kenyan environmentalist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2011)
- 1941 – Ajit Wadekar, Indian cricketer
- 1942 – Samuel R. Delany, American author
- 1942 – Annie Nightingale, British disc jockey
- 1943 – Carol White, British actress (d. 1991)
- 1944 – Rusty Staub, American baseball player
- 1945 – John Barbata, American drummer
- 1946 – Nikitas Kaklamanis, Greek politician
- 1946 – Ronnie Lane, English musician (d. 1997)
- 1946 – Arrigo Sacchi, Italian football coach
- 1946 – Eva Polttila, Finnish news broadcaster
- 1947 – Alain Connes, French mathematician
- 1947 – Robin Scott, English singer
- 1947 – Norm Van Lier, American basketball player (d. 2009)
- 1948 – Jimmy Cliff, Jamaican musician
- 1949 – Gérard Mestrallet, French businessman
- 1949 – Sammy Nelson, Northern Irish footballer
- 1949 – Gil Scott-Heron, American musician and composer (d. 2011)
- 1950 – Samuel Alito, American lawyer and jurist
- 1950 – Loris Kessel, Swiss racing driver (d. 2010)
- 1951 – John Philip Abizaid, American army general
- 1952 – Annette O'Toole, American actress
- 1952 – Bernard Stiegler, French philosopher
- 1953 – Barry Sonnenfeld, producer and director
- 1954 – Jeff Porcaro, American drummer (d. 1992)
- 1955 – Humayun Akhtar Khan, Pakistani statesman
- 1955 – Terry Nichols, American mass murderer
- 1957 – David Gower, English cricketer
- 1957 – Denise Nickerson, American actress
- 1958 – D. Boon, American musician (d. 1985)
- 1959 – Margita Stefanović, Yugoslav architect and musician (d. 2002)
- 1960 – Michael Praed, British actor
- 1961 – Susan Boyle, Scottish singer and Britain's Got Talent contestant
- 1962 – Samboy Lim, Filipino basketball player
- 1962 – Phillip Schofield, British television presenter
- 1963 – Teddy Diaz, Filipino rock guitarist (The Dawn) (d.1988)
- 1964 – Erik Breukink, Dutch cyclist and manager
- 1964 – Kevin Duckworth, American basketball player (d. 2008)
- 1964 – Scott Stevens, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1965 – Tomas Alfredson, Swedish film director
- 1965 – Mark Jackson, American basketball player
- 1965 – Robert Steadman, English composer
- 1966 – Chris Evans, English disc jockey
- 1967 – Phil Demmel, American musician
- 1968 – Julia Boutros, Lebanese singer
- 1968 – Traci Lind, American actress
- 1968 – Andreas Schnaas, German horror film director
- 1969 – Fadl Shaker, Lebanese singer
- 1969 – Dean Windass, English football player
- 1970 – Sung Hi Lee, Korean-born model
- 1971 – Sonia Bisset, Cuban javelin thrower
- 1971 – Jessica Collins, American actress
- 1971 – Lachy Hulme, Australian actor and screenwriter
- 1971 – Method Man, American rapper
- 1971 – Shinji Nakano, Japanese race car driver
- 1972 – Albert Hughes, American film director
- 1972 – Allen Hughes, American film director
- 1972 – Darren McCarty, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1972 – Jesse Tobias, American musician
- 1973 – Christian Finnegan, American comedian
- 1973 – Stephen Fleming, New Zealand cricketer
- 1973 – Joe Francis, American adult video producer
- 1973 – Rachel Maddow, American radio personality and political analyst
- 1973 – Kris Marshall, British actor
- 1974 – Beatriz Batarda, Portuguese actress
- 1974 – China Chow, British actress
- 1974 – Richard Christy, American drummer
- 1974 – Hugo Benjamín Ibarra, Argentine footballer
- 1974 – Sandra Völker, German swimmer
- 1975 – George Bastl, Swiss tennis player
- 1975 – John Butler, Australian singer and musician
- 1976 – David Oyelowo, English-Nigerian actor
- 1976 – Clarence Seedorf, Dutch footballer
- 1977 – Jon Gosselin, American TV personality
- 1977 – Haimar Zubeldia, Spanish cyclist
- 1978 – Antonio de Nigris, Mexican footballer (d. 2009)
- 1978 – Jean-Pierre Dumont, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1978 – Anamaria Marinca, Romanian actress
- 1978 – Etan Thomas, American basketball player
- 1978 – Miroslava Vavrinec, Swiss tennis player
- 1979 – Ivano Balić, Croatian handballer
- 1980 – Dennis Kruppke, German footballer
- 1980 – Randy Orton, American professional wrestler
- 1980 – Bijou Phillips, American actress
- 1980 – Yūko Takeuchi, Japanese actress
- 1981 – Asli Bayram, Turkish-born German model and actress
- 1981 – Aimee Chan, Miss Hong Kong 2006
- 1981 – Antonis Fotsis, Greek basketball player
- 1981 – Hannah Spearritt, British singer and actor
- 1981 – Bjoern Einar Romoeren, Norwegian skijumper
- 1982 – Sam Huntington, American actor
- 1982 – Taran Killam, American comedian and actor
- 1983 – John Axford, Canadian baseball pitcher
- 1983 – Tamati Ellison, New Zealand rugby player
- 1983 – Lance Hohaia, New Zealand rugby player
- 1983 – Jussi Jokinen, Finnish ice hockey player
- 1983 – Matt Lanter, American actor and model
- 1983 – Sergey Lazarev, Russian singer
- 1983 – Ólafur Ingi Skúlason, Icelandic footballer
- 1983 – Sean Taylor, American football player (d. 2007)
- 1984 – Gilberto Macena, Brazilian footballer
- 1985 – Daniel Murphy, American baseball player
- 1985 – Josh Zuckerman, American actor
- 1986 – Shunichi Miyamoto, Japanese musician
- 1986 – Ireen Wüst, Dutch speed skater
- 1987 – Ding Junhui, Chinese snooker player
- 1987 – Li Ting, Chinese diver
- 1987 – Gianluca Musacci, Italian footballer
- 1987 – Oliver Turvey, British racing driver
- 1988 – Brook Lopez, American basketball player
- 1988 – Robin Lopez, American basketball player
- 1988 – Courtney McCool, American gymnast
- 1989 – Jan Blokhuijsen, Dutch speed skater
- 1989 – David N'Gog, French footballer
- 1989 – Vietoris Krisztián, German racing driver
- 1993 – Keito Okamoto, Japanese singer
- 1997 – Asa Butterfield, English actor
Deaths
- 1085 – Emperor Shenzong of Song China (b. 1048)
- 1132 – St. Hugues, Bishop of Grenoble (b. 1053)
- 1204 – Eleanor of Aquitaine, mother of Richard I of England and John of England (b. 1122)
- 1205 – King Amalric II of Jerusalem (b. 1145)
- 1528 – Francisco de Peñalosa, Spanish composer
- 1580 – Alonso Mudarra, Spanish composer
- 1621 – Cristofano Allori, Italian painter (b. 1577)
- 1637 – Niwa Nagashige, Japanese warlord (b. 1571)
- 1682 – Franz Egon of Fürstenberg, Bavarian Catholic archbishop (b. 1625)
- 1787 – Floyer Sydenham, English classical scholar (b. 1710)
- 1839 – Benjamin Pierce, American politician (b. 1757)
- 1865 – Giuditta Pasta, Italian soprano (b. 1797)
- 1872 – Frederick Maurice, English theologian (b. 1805)
- 1872 – William Frederick Horry, English convicted murderer (b. 1843)
- 1878 – John Corry Wilson Daly, Canadian politician (b. 1796)
- 1890 – David Wilber, American politician (b. 1820)
- 1890 – Alexander F. Mozhayskiy, Russian aviation pioneer (b. 1825)
- 1897 – Jandamarra, Indigenous Australian resistance leader (b. c. 1873)
- 1914 – Rube Waddell, American baseball player (b. 1876)
- 1917 – Scott Joplin, American musician and composer (b. 1868)
- 1922 – Charles I of Austria (b. 1887)
- 1930 – Cosima Wagner, daughter of Franz Liszt and widow of Richard Wagner (b. 1837)
- 1946 – Noah Beery, Sr., American actor (b. 1882)
- 1947 – King George II of Greece (b. 1890)
- 1950 – Charles R. Drew, American physician (b. 1904)
- 1962 – Jussi Kekkonen, Finnish major (b. 1910)
- 1965 – Helena Rubinstein, Polish-born American cosmetics manufacturer (b. 1870)
- 1966 – Flann O'Brien, Irish humorist (b. 1911)
- 1967 – Dang Van Ngu, Vietnamese doctor and intellectual (b. 1910)
- 1968 – Lev Davidovich Landau, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1908)
- 1976 – Max Ernst, German artist (b. 1891)
- 1979 – Bruno Coquatrix, French music impresario (b. 1910)
- 1979 – Barbara Luddy, American actress (b. 1908)
- 1981 – Eua Sunthornsanan, Thai composer and bandleader (b. 1910)
- 1984 – Marvin Gaye, American singer (b. 1939)
- 1984 – Elizabeth Goudge, English writer (b. 1900)
- 1985 – Douglass Wallop, American novelist and playwright (b. 1920)
- 1986 – Erik Bruhn, Danish ballet dancer, choreographer (b. 1928)
- 1988 – Jim Jordan, American actor (Fibber McGee) (b. 1896)
- 1991 – Martha Graham, American dancer and choreographer (b. 1894)
- 1991 – Jaime Guzmán, Chilean politician (b. 1946)
- 1992 – Michael Havers, British barrister and politician (b. 1923)
- 1992 – Nigel Preston, English drummer (b. 1959)
- 1993 – Alan Kulwicki, American race car driver (b. 1954)
- 1994 – Robert Doisneau, French photographer (b. 1912)
- 1995 – Lucy Rie, American potter (b. 1902)
- 1995 – H. Adams Carter, American Alpine Club President, 10th Mountain Division trainer (b. 1914)
- 1996 – John McSherry, American baseball umpire (b. 1944)
- 1997 – Norman Carr, British conservationist (b. 1912)
- 1998 – Gene Evans, American actor (b. 1922)
- 1998 – Rozz Williams, American musician (Christian Death) (b. 1963)
- 1999 – Jesse Stone, American record producer (b. 1901)
- 2000 – Alexander Mackenzie Stuart, Baron Mackenzie-Stuart, Scottish jurist (b. 1924)
- 2001 – Olivia Barclay, British astrologer (b. 1919)
- 2001 – Jo-Jo Moore, American baseball player (b. 1908)
- 2001 – Trinh Cong Son, Vietnamese composer (b. 1939)
- 2002 – Simo Häyhä, Finnish marksman (b. 1905)
- 2002 – Gavin Pfuhl, South African cricketer (b. 1947)
- 2003 – Leslie Cheung, Hong Kong actor and singer (b. 1956)
- 2004 – Aaron Bank, American Office of Strategic Services officer and founder of the US Army Special Forces (b. 1902)
- 2004 – Ioannis Kyrastas, Greek footballer and manager (b. 1952)
- 2004 – Carrie Snodgress, American actress (b. 1946)
- 2004 – Nilo Soruco, Bolivian songwriter (b. 1927)
- 2005 – Paul Bomani, Tanzanian politician and ambassador (b 1925)
- 2005 – Alexander Brott, Canadian violinist and composer (b. 1915)
- 2005 – Harald Juhnke, German entertainer (b. 1929)
- 2005 – Jack Keller, American songwriter (b. 1936)
- 2005 – Robert Coldwell Wood, American educator (b. 1923)
- 2006 – In Tam, Cambodian politician (b. 1916)
- 2007 – Herb Carneal, American sports broadcaster (b. 1923)
- 2010 – John Forsythe, American actor (b. 1918)
- 2010 – Tzannis Tzannetakis, Greek politician, 175th Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1927)
Holidays and observances
External links